| 棣栭〉 | 璧勮涓績(jī) | 鍖栧伐鍟嗚錘 | 縐戝鐮旂┒ | 浜т笟鍙戝睍 | 浜烘墠浜ゆ祦 | 浼?xì)灞曚俊鎭?/a> | 瀹炵敤緗戝潃 | 緹よ嫳鑱氶 | 瀛﹁呬粙緇?/a> | 浼?xì)鍛樹(shù)腑蹇?jī) | 璁哄潧 | ||
 | 濉戞枡 | 姍¤兌 | 綰ょ淮 | 娑傛枡涓庢補(bǔ)澧?/a> | 鑳剁矘鍓?/a> | 澶嶅悎鏉愭枡 | 鐭沖寲 | 鍖栧伐 | 浠櫒浠〃 | 鏂頒駭涓?/a> | 涓撻 | 榪斿洖棣栭〉 |
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| 棣栭〉 | 璧勮涓績(jī) | 鍖栧伐鍟嗚錘 | 縐戝鐮旂┒ | 浜т笟鍙戝睍 | 浜烘墠浜ゆ祦 | 浼?xì)灞曚俊鎭?/a> | 瀹炵敤緗戝潃 | 緹よ嫳鑱氶 | 瀛﹁呬粙緇?/a> | 浼?xì)鍛樹(shù)腑蹇?jī) | 璁哄潧 | ||
| 濉戞枡 | 姍¤兌 | 綰ょ淮 | 娑傛枡涓庢補(bǔ)澧?/a> | 鑳剁矘鍓?/a> | 澶嶅悎鏉愭枡 | 鐭沖寲 | 鍖栧伐 | 浠櫒浠〃 | 鏂頒駭涓?/a> | 涓撻 | 榪斿洖棣栭〉 |
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娉ㄥ鎶鏈湪榪囧幓25騫撮噷鍙栧緱浜?jiǎn)宸ㄥぇ椋炶穬锛屼粠鍘熷厛鐨勫熀鏈敞濉戝埌鍏呭垎鍒╃敤濉戞満鍋氬嚭灏藉彲鑳藉鐨勫姞宸ャ傚寘鎷噰鐢ㄨ嚜鍔ㄥ寲鎶鏈彇鍑洪浂閮ㄤ歡鍜岃繘琛岀粍瑁咃紝鍙屽皠鎴愬瀷錛岀敋鑷沖湪妯″唴緇勮闆墮儴浠躲?
銆銆鐜板湪錛屽湪璁稿娉ㄥ宸ュ巶閲岋紝鍐嶄篃鐪嬩笉鍒版鏌ラ儴闂ㄧ粡甯告妸闆朵歡浠庣敓浜х嚎涓婂彇涓嬭繘琛屾祴璇曪紝鑰屾槸鐢變竴鍚嶆搷浣滀漢鍛樿礋璐ｈ繖涓鍒囷紝騫跺畨瑁呮ā鍐呬紶鎰熷櫒杈呭姪媯(gè)嫻嬶紝鍦ㄦā鍏峰紑鍚箣鍓嶅氨鑳界煡鏅撻浂閮ㄤ歡鏄惁鍚堟牸銆?
銆銆娉ㄥ鎴愬瀷鏈哄凡鎴愪負(fù)鐢熶駭杞﹂棿鐨勬帶鍒朵腑蹇?jī)锛岃緟鍔╄畱证囥佹潗鏂欏鐞嗚澶囧拰鍏朵粬璁懼閮借繛鎺ュ埌鏈哄櫒鎺у埗鍣ㄤ腑銆傝繖鏄粠1989騫村紑濮嬩笉鏂紨榪涚殑涓欏歸潻鍛姐?
銆銆榪囧幓25騫撮噷錛屾敞濉戦鍩熷彂鐢熶簡(jiǎn)涓夐」鍏鋒湁閲岀▼紕戞剰涔夌殑鍙樺寲錛氬叏鐢?shù)寮忔妧鏈佸弻鏉垮鏈哄拰鏃犳媺鏉嗗鏈恒傛棤鎷夋潌娉ㄥ鏈鴻癁鐢熻嚦浠婂凡鏈?5騫翠簡(jiǎn)錛屼粖騫存濂戒篃鏄婂鏂欐柊闂匯嬬殑鍒涘垔25鍛ㄥ勾銆?
銆銆榪欎笁欏規(guī)妧鏈兘涓嶅William H. Willert鍦?952騫村彂鏄庣殑寰澶嶈灪鏉嗛偅鏍峰叿鏈夐潻鍛芥ф剰涔夛紝浣嗗叏鐢墊敞濉戞満鐨勯暱鏈熷獎(jiǎng)鍝嶆洿涓轟漢浠墍鐔熺煡銆傚線澶嶈灪鏉嗘槸涓欏瑰叿鏈夊箍娉涘獎(jiǎng)鍝嶇殑鍙茶瘲鑸殑鍙橀潻錛屽幓鎺変簡(jiǎn)鏌卞錛屽彲鍦ㄥ寲濡嗗搧鍖呰絳夊簲鐢ㄤ腑钀ラ犲ぇ鐞嗙煶綰規(guī)晥鏋溿傛暟鍗佸勾鍚庯紝鏌卞鍦ㄤ竴浜涘ぇ鍚ㄤ綅濉戞満涓婃壘鍒版柊鐨勭敤姝︿箣鍦幫紝鍙敤铻烘潌濉厖娉ㄥ皠緙革紝鐒跺悗鏌卞浼?xì)灏嗗叾鎺ㄥ埌妯″叿涓Q岃繖鏄悗璇濄?
銆銆鎴戜滑鏉ョ湅鐪嬭繖涓夐」鎶鏈殑鍙戝睍鍘嗙▼錛?
銆銆鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忓鏈?
銆銆鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忔敞濉戞満鑳借妭鐪佽兘閲忥紝鍥犱負(fù)鍏朵己鏈嶇數(shù)鏈轟粎鎸夐渶浣跨敤鐢?shù)鍔涙潵椹卞姩鏈哄櫒杩愯浆銆傚綋鏈哄櫒涓嶅伐浣滄椂錛屼笉浼?xì)鋴社敤鐢?shù)鍔涖傞氳繃鐢?shù)鍔涢┍鍔q樿兘甯︽潵綺懼瘑搴﹀拰鍙潬鐨勫彲閲嶅鎬с?
銆銆娑插帇鏈轟緷闈犱笉鏂繍琛岀殑娉墊潵鎻愪緵椹卞姩鏈哄櫒榪愯漿鎵闇鐨勬補(bǔ)鍘嬶紝浣嗙敓浜у晢寮鍙戝嚭浜?jiǎn)鎵璋撶殑"鏅鴻兘娑插帇鏈?錛屼嬌鐢ㄤ己鏈嶉榾錛屽彉閫熺數(shù)鏈哄拰瀹圭Н寮忔車(chē)銆?
銆銆鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忔妧鏈癁鐢熶簬鏃ユ湰錛屾棩鏈殑鐜娉曡涓ユ牸闄愬埗澶勭疆娑插帇搴熸恫銆傛暣涓涓氬紑濮嬭娉曟彁楂樿兘鏁堟潵瀵規(guī)姉楂樻槀鐨勮兘婧愭垚鏈傚叏鐢?shù)寮忓鏈哄湪鏃ユ湰甯?jìng)鍦轟笂鐨勪嬌鐢ㄧ巼宸茶秴榪?5%銆?
銆銆琛屼笟瑙傚療瀹惰錛岀編鍥藉鏈哄競(jìng)鍦轟笂鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忔敞濉戞満綰﹀崰涓鍗娿傜幇鍦紝澶ч儴鍒嗙殑灝忓惃浣嶅鏈洪兘鏄叏鐢?shù)寮忋備篃鏈変竴浜涘ぇ鍚ㄤ綅鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忓鏈猴紝浣嗗鏁版満姊扮敓浜у晢渚涘簲娣峰悎鏈猴紝鍒╃敤娑插帇鏉ユ帶鍒舵煇浜涘姛鑳斤紝鍏朵粬鍒欑敱鐢?shù)鍔涙帶鍒躲?
銆銆綾蟲(chóng)媺鍏嬮緳鍏徃鍦ㄥ寳緹庣巼鍏堣繘琛屼簡(jiǎn)鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忓鏈虹殑鎺ㄥ箍宸ヤ綔錛屽湪1990騫存帹鍑轟簡(jiǎn)鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忓鏈猴紝璇ユ満鐢卞彂閭ｇ鍏徃鍦ㄦ棩鏈唬宸ョ敓浜с傚湪姝や箣鍓嶏紝澶ч儴鍒嗙編鍥芥敞濉戜紒涓氬浼烘湇椹卞姩濉戞満鐭ヤ箣鐢氬皯銆傜背鎷夊厠榫欏湪1994騫寸殑NPE灞曚笂鎺ㄥ嚭浜?jiǎn)璇ュ叕鍙稿湪缇庡浗鐢熶骇鐨勫叏鐢?shù)寮忓鏈恒?
銆銆2001騫村痙鍥終灞曟爣蹇楃潃鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忔妧鏈悜鍓嶈繄鍑轟簡(jiǎn)涓澶ф錛屼笘鐣屽悇鍦扮殑妯″浼佷笟綰風(fēng)悍鎺ㄥ嚭浜?jiǎn)鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忓鏈恒傛槸鐨勶紝涔嬪墠錛岀背鎷夊厠榫欏拰鏃ユ湰鏈烘鐢熶駭鍟嗗凡緇忔彁渚涗簡(jiǎn)鍏ㄧ數(shù)濉戞満銆備絾鍦?001騫寸殑K灞曚笂錛屾洿澶氱殑嬈ф床浼佷笟鎺ㄥ嚭浜?jiǎn)鑷忿q殑鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忓鏈恒?001騫碖灞曟樉紺轟簡(jiǎn)鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忔敞濉戞満涓嶅彧鏄槞鑺變竴鐜般?
銆銆K 2001寮鍚簡(jiǎn)涔嬪悗寤剁畫(huà)澶氬勾鐨勬恫鍘嬪拰鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忓鏈轟箣浜夈傜幇鍦ㄥ彲鑳藉凡緇忎笉澶兘鍚埌榪欐牱鐨勪簤璁轟簡(jiǎn)錛屽洜涓鴻繖涓ら」鎶鏈鏇寸揣瀵嗗湴緇撳悎鍦ㄤ竴璧楓?
銆銆鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忔満鍣ㄧ殑鎴愭湰楂樹(shù)簬娑插帇鏈猴紝浣嗙敱浜庣數(shù)鏈恒佹粴鐝犱笣鏉犲拰鍏朵粬闆墮儴浠朵駭閲忚緝楂樺甫鏉ョ殑瑙勬ā緇忔祹錛屼粠涓瀹氱▼搴︿笂闄嶄綆浜?jiǎn)婧粭鱻傚嵆渚垮姝わ紝寰峰浗鍜屽叾浠栨媧插浗瀹剁殑璁稿妯″浼佷笟浠嶉挓鐖變笉鏂畬鍠勭殑娑插帇鏈恒?
銆銆鍐嶈繃25騫達(dá)紝鍏ㄧ數(shù)寮忓鏈烘湁鏈涘湪嬈ф床寰楀埌閲嶈銆傛媧蹭漢瀵硅兘婧愭晥鐜囧緢鐪嬮噸銆傚叾椹卞姩鍥犵礌鍖呮嫭寰峰浗鑳芥簮鎴愭湰鐩稿杈冮珮錛屾墍浠ュ痙鍥藉湪縐瀬鍙戝睍鍙啀鐢熻兘婧愶紝姝ゅ錛屾満姊拌涓氬崗浼?xì)Euromap鎻愬嚭浜?jiǎn)鏇撮珮鐨勮兘婧愭爣鍑嗗拰鏍嚱{懼埗搴︺?
銆銆鍙屾澘鎶鏈?
銆銆1990騫翠唬涓湡錛屾敞濉戞満涔板鍙戠幇甯?jìng)鍦轰笂鍏呮枼鐫鍙屾澘濉戞満銆?
銆銆澶ч儴鍒嗕紶緇熸敞濉戞満閮戒嬌鐢ㄤ笁鍧楅噸閽㈡澘鏉ユ敮鎾戞ā鍏風(fēng)粍浠訛紝鍏朵腑涓ゅ潡閽㈡澘鍚勬敮鎾戜竴鍗婄殑妯″叿錛岀О涓虹Щ鍔ㄥ拰鍥哄畾鏉匡紝絎笁鍧楅挗鏉夸富瑕佽礋璐ｏ細(xì)鎶婇攣妯″姏浼犺嚦鎷夋潌鍜岀Щ鍔ㄦ澘銆?
銆銆鐢熶駭鍟嗗湪寰峰浗鏉滃灝?dāng)澶氬か鋴D琛岀殑1995 K灞曚笂鎺ㄥ嚭浜?jiǎn)澶氬彴鍙屾澘濉戞満銆傛椂闅斾袱騫達(dá)紝鍦?997騫寸殑鑺濆姞鍝PE灞曚笂錛屾満姊拌涓氬甯冨悜鍖楃編甯?jìng)鍦烘帹鍑哄弻鏉垮鏈恒?
銆銆鍒╃敤鍙屾澘鍙栦唬涓夋澘錛屽ぇ澶у噺灝戝鏈虹殑鎬婚暱銆傝繖瀵逛簬閿佹ā鍔涜緝澶х殑澶у惃浣嶅鏈烘洿閲嶈銆傛澶栵紝鍙屾澘濉戞満鐨勭敓浜ф垚鏈篃鐣ヤ綆銆?
銆銆鑰愪漢瀵誨懗鐨勬槸錛屽湪濉戞枡鏈烘鍙戝睍鐨勬棭鏈燂紝璁稿娉ㄥ鏈哄彧鐢ㄥ弻鏉褲傛鍚庯紝鐢熶駭鍟嗕滑娣誨姞浜?jiǎn)绗笁鍧楁澘浠ュ鍔牻E沖畾鎬э紝璁╁鏈烘洿紼沖浐銆?
銆銆浜屽崄騫村墠錛岃鍘婚櫎絎笁鍧楁澘錛岄渶瑕佹満姊板伐紼嬪笀鍔犺澶圭揣緋葷粺錛岄噰鐢ㄩ攣绱ц灪姣嶃佺壒孌婂帇鏉垮拰姘旂幾浠ュ強(qiáng)鎵佸鉤鑷傘傚叧閿殑鎸?xiě)鎴樺湪浜庡Q氳瑙ｅ喅鍘嬫澘鍋忚漿鐨勯棶棰橈紝鍗蟲(chóng)柦鍔犻攣妯″姏鍚庡ぇ閽㈡澘浼?xì)寮泴觻?
銆銆鍙屾澘闈╁懡榪樻帹鍔ㄤ簡(jiǎn)娉ㄥ鏉胯璁＄殑宸ㄥぇ榪涙銆傛敞濉戞澘宸茬粡涓嶅啀鍙槸涓鍧楀ぇ閽㈡澘浜?jiǎn)銆?
銆銆鏃犳媺鏉?
銆銆鎬婚儴浣嶄簬濂ュ湴鍒╃殑鎭╂牸灝?dāng)鍏徃鍦ㄦ棤鎷夋潌娉ㄥ鏈烘枤w潰寮鍒涘厛娌籌紝鍦?989 K灞曚笂棣栨鎺ㄥ嚭銆傛媺鏉嗘槸鎶婃澘榪炲湪涓璧風(fēng)殑綺楅噾灞炴潌銆傚畠浠惛鏀墮攣妯″姏錛屼嬌鏉夸繚鎸佸鉤琛屻?
銆銆鐢熶駭鏃犳爮鏉嗗鏈烘槸涓欏歸噸澶х獊鐮達(dá)紝鎭╂牸灝?dāng)鍏徃鐨勫彂鏄庡厠鏈嶄簡(jiǎn)杩涘叆妯″叿鍛ㄨ竟鍖哄煙鐨勪竴澶ч殰紕嶃傝繖鏍鋒洿鏂逛究鍒╃敤鑷姩鏈烘鏉ュ鐞嗛浂閮ㄤ歡銆傝繕鍙湪濉戞満涓嬌鐢ㄨ緝澶х殑妯″叿錛岃屼笉鍙楀埌鎷夋潌鐨勯樆鎷︺傛洿鎹㈡ā鍏蜂篃鏇存柟渚褲?
銆銆鎭╂牸灝?dāng)鍏徃鐨勫伐绋嬪笀鍒╃敤浜?jiǎn)鐗╃悊鐭ヨ瘑鍜屾満姊板伐紼嬪師鐞嗐傚湪榪囧幓25騫撮噷錛岃鍏徃鍞嚭浜?jiǎn)鏁板崈鍙版棤鎷夋潌娉ㄥ鏈恒?