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Scheme 1. Scheme showing the fabrication and application of HPEM scaffolds in multidrug-resistant bacteria infected wound healing.

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Figure 2. Multifunctional properties evaluations of scaffolds. (A) Rheological analysis of the HPEM scaffolds at 4��, 25�� and 37��; (B-C) rheological data and rheological recovery rate of HPEM scaffolds under alternating high (1000%) and low shear strain (1%); (D) viscosity of HPEM scaffolds at different shear rate; (E) electronic conductivity of HPEM scaffolds and controls; (F) the normal stress to the adhesive ability of HPEM scaffolds determined by the TA rheometer (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, n=3); (G) the images of the HPEM scaffolds forming; (H) pictures of the self-healing of HPEM scaffolds.

Figure 3. Antibacterial activity and hemostatic ability assay. (A) Bacteria clones and bacterial viability (B) against E. coli, S. aureus, and MRSA treated with different samples; (C) total blood loss and photographs from the damaged livers after 60 s treated with HPEM scaffolds and control (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, n=3).

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Figure 4. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation evaluations of scaffolds. (A) Cell viability of HPEM scaffolds and each composite in L929 cells at different concentrations for 24 h; (B) LIVE/DEAD staining images of L929 cells at 1 d, 3 d and 5 d after treated with HPEM scaffolds and controls (10 ��g/mL) (live cells: green, dead cells: red, scale bar: 100 ��m, n=3); (C) fluorescence intensity of L929 cells treatment with HPEM scaffolds and controls at 1 d, 3 d and 5 d (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, n=5). Cells without any treatment was used as negative control (NC).

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Figure 5. In vivo anti-infection and MRSA-infected wound healing. (A) Representative skin wound images at 0 d, 3 d, 7 d and 14 d, and (B) wound area size of the HPEM scaffolds and controls (*p < 0.05, **P < 0.01); (C) images of MRSA colonies growing on the agar plates derived from the homogenized infected tissues after various treatments at 3 d, 7 d and 14 d; (D) quantitative bacterial colonies densities based on (C); (E) IL-6 (red) immunofluorescence images at 3 d, H&E and Masson��s trichrome staining of wound tissues at 14 d, the black arrows showed the granulation layers in wound beds; Corresponding quantification of (F) fluorescence intensity of IL-6, (G) granulation tissue thickness and (H) collagen content in wound tissues based on (E) (Scale bar =100 ��m, n = 6;*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01).

Figure 6. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining of wound healing assay. (A) Immunohistochemistry of Ki67, ��-SMA stained (red: ��-SMA, blue: nuclei) and CD31 stained (green: CD31, blue: nuclei) images; (B-C) quantitative analysis of ��-SMA and CD31 of wound tissues at 7 d, respectively (scale bar = 100 ��m; n = 6; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01).

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  Փ��朽ӣ�https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c06287