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Fig. 1. Physicochemical properties of HAC. (a) and (b) Contact angles between Bare Zn/HAC-modified Zn electrode and aqueous electrolyte at 5 min; (c) FTIR spectra of HAC before and after plating of Zn2+; (d) Nyquist plots of Zn-Zn symmetric cells with Bare Zn/HAC-modified Zn electrode; (e) Transference number of Zn2+ before and after coating HAC; (f) Stress-strain curve of HAC film.
Fig. 2. Electrochemical stabilities between Zn anode (Bare Zn and HAC-modified Zn) and aqueous electrolyte investigated via galvanostatic electro-plating and stripping processes. (a), (b) and (c) Zn-Zn symmetric cells with Bare Zn and HAC-modified Zn cycled at a current density of 5 mA cm-2, 10 mA cm-2, and varying current densities. Insets of (a) and (b) are the magnified view of voltage profiles. (d) and (e) Top-view SEM images of HAC-modified Zn and Bare Zn surface after cycling at a current density of 1 mA cm-2 with a capacity of 1 mA h cm-2 for 100 h. (f) XRD patterns of Bare Zn and HAC-modified Zn anodes before and after cycling at a current density of 1 mA cm-2 with a capacity of 1 mA h cm-2 for 100 h.
Fig. 3. Electrochemical reversibility between Bare Zn and HAC-modified Zn anodes with aqueous electrolyte. (a) Tafel curves of Bare Zn and HAC-modified Zn. (b) Chronoamperograms (CAs) of Bare Zn and HAC-modified Zn under a -200 mV overpotential. (c) Initial nucleation overpotentials of Zn plating on Ti foil in Bare Zn and HAC-modified Zn asymmetric cells at 5 mA cm-2. (d) Coulombic efficiency (CE) of Zn plating/stripping in Bare Zn-Ti and HAC-modified Zn-Ti cells at a current density of 5 mA cm-2 for 10 min and (e,f) corresponding voltage profiles at various cycles.
Fig. 4. Electrochemical performance of Zn-AC ion hybrid supercapacitors. (a) and (b) Galvanostatic capacity-voltage curves of the Zn-AC hybrid capacitors with Bare Zn and HAC-modified Zn anodes showing a 0.1 V increase in electrochemical window with the introduction of HAC. (c) CV curves at scan rates indicated. (d) and (e) Galvanostatic capacity-voltage curves and long-term cycling stability at 10 A g-1.
Fig. 5. (a) Schematic illustration of morphology evolution for both the symmetric cells with different electrodes during stripping/plating. (b) Comparison of performance among coating-modified Zn anode devices (see Table S1 for references). The selected references have a current density greater than 3 mA cm-2. (c) Comparison of electrochemical performance of cells with Bare Zn and HAC-modified Zn anodes.
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