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Figure 1. Conformational Transition of Silk Fibroin in PAM Gel Electrolyte. (a) Schematic illustration of solvent-induced conformational transitions in silk fibroin proteins; (b) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of SF/PAM and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolytes in the 1200ï¿½C2000 cm?1 region; (c) Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of SF/PAM and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolytes; (d) Raman spectra of PAM, SF/PAM, and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolytes; (e) SEM images of ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolyte microstructure; (f) corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mappings of Zn, O, N, and C within the ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel; (g) tensile stressï¿½Cstrain curves of gel electrolytes with varying ï¿½ï¿½-SF contents.

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Figure 2. Mechanistic investigation of ï¿½ï¿½-SF regulation on Zn²⁺ solvation structure and migration behavior. (a) Ionic conductivity of PAM, SF/PAM, and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolytes; (b) Ionic mobility number of ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolytes; (c) Optimized models used in DFT calculations illustrating binding energies between Zn²⁺ and H₂O, PAM, and SF molecules; (d) Raman spectra of PAM, SF/PAM, and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolytes; (e, f) Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation snapshots and representative Zn²⁺ solvation structures in ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolytes; (gï¿½ï¿½h) Radial distribution functions (RDFs) and coordination numbers for Zn²⁺ï¿½CO (H₂O), Zn²⁺ï¿½CO (SO₄²^?), and Zn²⁺ï¿½CO (PAM) interactions; (i) Mean square displacement (MSD) curves of Zn²⁺ ions in PAM and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolytes.

Fig. 3. Interfacial cycling performance and reversibility of zinc anode electrodes. symmetric cells with PAM, SF/PAM, and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolytes at (a) rate capability at different current densities from 0.1 to 6 mA cm^?2 with a fixed capacity of 1 mAh cm^?2 as well as long cycling performance at (b) 1 mA cm ^?2/1 mAh cm^?2, (c) long cycle performance at 2 mA cm^?2/1 mAh cm^?2. (d) Galvanic and stripping Coulombic efficiency (CE) of Zn//PAM//Cu, Zn//SF/PAM//Cu and Zn//ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM//Cu half-cells at 1 mAh cm^?2 and (e) the corresponding charging/discharging curves of Zn//ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM//Cu half-cells. (f) Corresponding CA curve of Zn//Zn cell at constant overpotential of ?150 mV (g) Comparison between ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM and other hydrogel electrolytes at different parameters.

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Figure 4. electrode/electrolyte interface Zn deposition behavior. PAM, SF/PAM and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolytes (a) Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves measured at 5.0 mV s^?¹; (b) Tafel curves; (c) Arrhenius curves; (d) Nucleation overpotentials; (e, f) Use of PAM and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM in Znï¿½ï¿½ Zn symmetric cells gel electrolytes after 50h cycling at 1mA cm^?2; (g) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 3D topography of Zn anode post 50 h cycling (1 mA cm^?2/1 mAh cm^?2) in PAM electrolyte; (h) Corresponding 2D plan view; (i) Finite element method (FEM) simulation depicting zinc ion concentration distribution in PAM electrolyte; (j) AFM 3D topography of Zn anode after 50 h cycling with ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM electrolyte under identical conditions; (k) Corresponding 2D plan view; (l) FEM simulation showing zinc ion concentration distribution in ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM electrolyte.

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Fig. 5. ï¿½ï¿½-SF modulates the interfacial mechanism of Zn anode. (a) XRD patterns of Zn anode electrodes of PAM, SF/PAM and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM gel electrolytes of Zn//Zn cells after 50 h cycling at 1 mA cm^?2; (b) adsorption models of ï¿½ï¿½-SF molecules on the surface of Zn (100), (101), and (002) and corresponding adsorption energies; XPS spectra of PAM @ Zn, SF/PAM @ Zn and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM @Zn anode XPS spectra of (c) Zn 2p; (d) N1s; (e) C1s; (f) S 2p; (g) Mechanism of action diagrams of PAM and ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAM electrolytes

Fig 6. Demonstration of full cell performance and applications. (a) CV curves of Znï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAMï¿½ï¿½MnO₂ full cells at various scan rates (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mV s^?1) in the range of 0 to 1.8 V; (b, c) multiplicity performance and charge/discharge curves of Znï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAMï¿½ï¿½MnO₂ full cells at different current densities; (d) different electrolyte systems for the Cycling performance of Zn||MnO₂ full cells at 1 A g^?1 and (e) Charge-discharge curves of Znï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAMï¿½ï¿½MnO₂ full cells under specified cycles. (f) Schematic structure of the Znï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAMï¿½ï¿½MnO₂ fiber full cell; (g) Capacity retention of the Znï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½-SF/PAMï¿½ï¿½MnO₂ fiber cell under deformations such as twisting, winding, and knotting; (h) The fiber cell supplies power to the electromyography sensing (EMG) module, and it monitors the human body''''s vital features in real time and transmits the data wirelessly; (i) The flexible fiber battery fabric powers an ACEL flexible light-emitting module with emergency response capabilities; (j) the fiber battery charges a smartphone.

Ôï¿½ï¿½æœ½Ó£ï¿½https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104464

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