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Figure 1. The designing process of glucose-responsive microneedle patch with enhanced insulin-loading capacity and blood-glucose regulating performance.

Figure 2. (a) Self-assembly of polymers and the INS-loading process. (b) ILCs of the polymers under the feed ratio of 1 g/g. (c) ILCs of PL-NA/FPBA under the feed ratio of 1 g/g. (d) ILCs of PL-NA(20%)/FPBA(38%) under different feed ratios. (e) ILCs (average) of different polymeric carriers in the previous reports. The carriers were labeled according to their main chains, including ��CD, Alg, pAsp, HA, CS, Dex, PLGA and ��PL. The data of ��PL�� referred to ILC of PL-NA(20%)/FPBA(38%) under the feed ratio of 2 g/g. The data of (b)-(d) were shown as the means �� SD (n = 3).

Figure 4. (a) The reaction between NANP and glucose. (b) The glucose-responsive INS-releasing mechanism of INS/NANP and (c) the corresponding in-vitro cumulative-releasing profiles. (d) The glucose-responsive INS-releasing mechanism of NA-MNP and (e) the corresponding in-vitro cumulative-releasing profiles. The data of (c) and (e) were shown as the means �� SD (n = 3).

Figure 5. (a) The applied MNP on a rat with the skin repairing test (scale bar = 2 mm) and the trypan-blue staining test. (b) The 8-hour BGL-lowering test and (c) the corresponding BGL-lowering speeds (n = 5). (d) The 8-hour curves of plasma INS and (e) the calculation results of AUC (n = 5). (f) The hypoglycemia-avoiding test and (g) the calculation results of AUC_{Health control} (n = 5). (h) The IPGTT results (n = 5). (i) The curves of plasma INS (n = 5). (j) The BGL-monitoring procedure and (k) the corresponding BGL curves under the ��three-meal-per-day�� mode (n = 5). The data of (b-i, k) were shown as the means �� SD. The statistical analyses were performed by two-tailed Student��s t-test. The t-test of (h) was applied between ��nNA-MNP�� and ��NA-MNP��. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001.

  Փ����Ϣ��ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15, 31330-31343

  Փ��朽ӣ�https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c06483