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Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation process of SC and PEDOT:SC dispersions. (b) Fabrication process of the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel. (c) Illustration of the motion-sensing performance of the hydrogel at 25?ï¿½ï¿½C and ï¿½C20?ï¿½ï¿½C.

Figure 2. (a) Sulfur content, (b) degree of substitution and yield, and (c) FTIR spectra of SC samples prepared at different reaction times.

Figure 3. (a) FTIR spectra of PEDOT and PEDOT:SC samples prepared with varying SC contents. (b) Raman spectra of PEDOT:SC with different SC contents. (c) XRD patterns of SC, PEDOT, and PEDOT:SC. (d) UVï¿½CVis absorption spectra of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:SC with different SC contents (solution concentration: 0.01 wt.%). (e) Zeta potentials of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:SC with varying SC contents. (f) Particle sizes of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:SC with different SC contents. (g) Photographs showing the storage stability of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:SC with different SC contents after 30 days at 4?ï¿½ï¿½C. (h) Schematic illustration of the freeze-drying and redispersion process of PEDOT:SC. (i) Electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:SC with varying SC contents.

Figure 4. (a) FTIR spectra of PEDOT:SC?/PAM hydrogels. (b) SEM image of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel. (c) EDS mapping image of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel. Stressï¿½Cstrain curves (d), Tensile strength and Youngï¿½ï¿½s modulus (e), Toughness (f) of PAM and PEDOT:SC?/PAM hydrogels. (g) Cyclic tensile tests of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel under 50ï¿½C400% strain. (h) Continuous cyclic loading-unloading curves of PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel at 200% strains. (i) Mechanical strength retention of PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel in the 50 loading-unloading cycles at 200% strains.

Figure 5. (a) EIS spectra and (b) electrical conductivity of PAM and PEDOT:SC?/PAM hydrogels. (c) Temperature-dependent conductivity of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel. (d, e) Photographs showing an LED illuminated by the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel at 25?ï¿½ï¿½C and ï¿½C20?ï¿½ï¿½C, respectively. (f) Photographs of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel demonstrating flexibility, twisting, and stretching at ï¿½C20?ï¿½ï¿½C. (g) DSC curves of PEDOT:SC?/PAM hydrogels with different SC contents. (h) Stressï¿½Cstrain curves of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel at various temperatures. (i) Conductivity stability of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel after storage at ï¿½C20?ï¿½ï¿½C for 30 days.

Figure 6. (a) Photographs of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel adhering to various substrates. (b) Schematic illustration of the peelï¿½Cshear testing setup. (c) Shear adhesion curves of the hydrogel on different substrates. (d) Quantified adhesion strength. (e) Schematic illustration of the adhesion mechanisms between the hydrogel and various substrates.

Figure 7. (a) Relative resistance variation ((R-R₀)/R₀) of the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel versus consecutively applied strain underwater. (b) Real-time ((R-R₀)/R₀) of the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel with different strains. (c) The resistance change curve for loading and unloading to 100% strain. (d) Response-recovery time of the obtained hydrogel upon stretching-releasing process at a fixed strain of 150%. (e) Relative-time ((R-R₀)/R₀) of the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel on consecutive loading and unloading cycles at a 100% strain. Resistance changes during finger bending (f), elbow bending (g), and leg bending (h) were compared at 25ï¿½ï¿½C and ?20ï¿½ï¿½C. (i) Corresponding symbols of Morse code in the alphabet. (j, k) Special words such as ï¿½ï¿½HELPï¿½ï¿½ and ï¿½ï¿½SOSï¿½ï¿½ are generated by the output signals of the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel sensor in emergency situations under 25ï¿½ï¿½C. (l) Radar chart comparing the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel sensor with previously reported hydrogel-based sensors in terms of electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, sensing performance (including fast response time and high GF), strong adhesion, and environmental adaptability.

Ô“ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Tough, Adhesive, and Conductive Hydrogels Enabled by Stabilized PEDOT/Sulfated Cellulose Dispersions for Extreme-Temperature Sensingï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½}ï¿½lï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ú¡ï¿½Chemical Engineering Journalï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ï¡ï¿½

Ôï¿½ï¿½æœ½Ó£ï¿½https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.168658

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